1.1
Procedures for the Preparation of
Teaching or Training Session (Session Plan)
A trainer needs to identify and plan
the following:
i.
Objective
of course or teaching / instruction.
This objective explains
the knowledge and skills that a trainee of the course will achieve at the end
of the training. In other words, this statement of objective is the focus and
direction in any teaching session.
ii.
The
existing knowledge as the basis for a particular area or skill.
iii.
Teaching
aids which can help student’s mastery of a particular knowledge or skill.
iv.
Delivery/presentation
strategy- includes all steps which need to be taken, to arrive at the objective
of the course or teaching session. This presentation strategy also takes into
consideration the following principles of delivery in teaching:
a.
from
easy to difficult.
b.
use
of teaching aids to facilitate comprehension.
c.
course
trainee or trainee to be actively
involved.
d.
Application
of the principle of mastery, that is, master an earlier skill first before
proceeding to the next one.
v.
Trainee’s
style of learning.
vi.
Selection
and classification of the course content which consists of knowledge, skill and
value based on level of difficulty.
vii.
Class
management such as efficient time management, class arrangement, security,
discipline and regulations.
viii.
The
closure to teaching which acts as summing up of teaching done.
ix.
Assessment
of trainee’s performance.
1.2 The Procedure for Developing Written
Teaching Material
Written teaching materials contain
remedial and enrichment activities. Below are steps in the construction of
written teaching materials.
i.
Revise
the teaching strategy for every objective of each study.
ii.
Carry
out a literature survey and refer to subject specialists to determine the
existence of available teaching materials.
iii.
Adapt
written materials to the available.
iv.
Identify
new teaching materials that need to be designed. Once the non-existence of new
materials is confirmed, the following steps must be taken:
a.
For
every lesson, materials developer must determine the method of lesson
presentation, activity and feedback, evaluation, remedy and enrichment.
b.
Determine
the format and presentation procedure for every objective of teaching material.
c.
Prepare
a rough draft of the instructional material in writing, based on the teaching
strategy. This rough illustration will generate more constructive ideas. The
printed or oral material which is drafted, enables us to check the smooth
running and accuracy of ideas. Prepare this set of draft material, as
completely as possible for every teaching activity.
d.
Go
over every completed lesson to detect the clarity and smoothness of its ideas.
e.
Use
one complete unit of instructional program and provide instructions for
trainees to carry out activities.
f.
By
using the draft of the written material, which is less expensive, a form of
evaluation has already started.
g.
Make
notes on specific points, at the same time develope this material to be used as
a guide for trainer.
1.3
Methods of Preparing Teaching and
Learning Resources
i.
Teaching
and learning resources consist of the following materials: books, periodicals,
cassette, video, tape, down-loading satellite facility, models, posters,
filmstrips, pictures, audio-tapes recorder, slides, work sheets, computer
program, CD-ROM and sources from the internet.
ii.
A
resource center usually contains the following six elements:
a.
Resources
which are usually self-produced / self-made.
b.
Selection
and search for other resources.
c.
Classification
and index to search for resources.
d.
Storage.
e.
Usage,
guide, loan etc.
f.
Evaluation.
iii.
Selection
of particular type of teaching resource is based on:
a.
Content
which is geared to course objective.
b.
Suitable
sample.
c.
Attracts
the interest of course trainees.
d.
Increases
comprehension.
iv.
Methods
of preparing its use.
a.
Choose
material which fulfills the teaching objective.
b.
Search
for and choose a suitable material.
c.
Revise,
examine and pre-view the material.
d.
Determine
which part of the material must be used and for how long.
e.
Practice
using the chosen equipment before the start of lesson so that teaching can be
carried out smoothly.
f.
Prepare
relevant questions to test comprehension.
1.4
Methods of preparing training aids
i.
Non-electronic training aids:
a.
Rolling
board for writing notes or important points and diagrams which are difficult to
draw. The rolling board is easy to carry around and use.
b.
The
writing board, a cheap training aid is often used in teaching. Important
points, diagrams and procedures, are shown on the writing board. Activities can
also be done on the board.
c.
The
chart is used in training to replace the actual object which is bigger in size
and more expensive, Using the images on the chart assists in the trainer’s
understanding of the subject.
ii.
Electronic training aids:
a.
The
cassette recorder is used to explain a certain fact, procedure as well as to
provide sound.
b.
Overhead
Projector (OHP)
The transparency
containing important notes, diagram, image, list etc. is placed on the overhead
projector plate and a bigger image will be displayed on the screen.
c.
Slide
Projector
The slide projector
contains an equipment which produces sound apart from displaying the image on
screen. The film slides can be arranged in sequence to obtain its
effectiveness. Explanation is given along with the particular slide which is
controlled by the trainer.
d.
Television
and video
The television program
contains a lot of knowledge and skills covering diverse fields. The program can
be recorded for instructional purposes by using the video recording.
e.
Computer
The use of the computer as an instructional aid can
facilitate training jobs such as in the preparation of training materials,
teaching plan and handouts. The use of software application such as Microsoft
Office is a good example of the computer being used as a teaching tool.
iii.
Inexpensive and discarded materials
can be utilized to aid in teaching and learning :
a.
Plant
category
Leaf,
fruit, seeds, coconut shell, grass etc.
b.
Animal
category
Cockle shell, coral,
butterfly, fish, horn etc.
c.
Mineral
category
Stones, clay, sand, marble
etc.
d.
Industrial
/ factory wastes category
Box, rag , bottle caps,
tyre etc.
1.5 The
Basis for the Preparation of Training Aids
i.
Choose
equipment which is suitable for the subject or the skill that is going to be taught.
ii.
Choose
equipment that is attractive and challenging to the trainee’s mind.
iii.
Practice
using the equipment beforehand so that teaching can be more effective.
iv.
Ensure
that the equipment is in good and safe condition before it is used.
QUESTION
- State five (5) factors which need
to be planned to produce the session plan
- What is the first step to be
taken by the writer of the instructional material?
- In your opinion, what is the
benefit of preparing a draft of the written instructional material?
REFERENCES
1. Yusuf Hashim, Teknologi Pengajaran,
Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, 1998
2. Richard E. Rusbuldt, How to Plan Your Class in 13 Steps:
Basic Teacher Skills, Judson Press, 1997
3. Louis Cohan, A Guide to Teaching Practice.
Routledge, 1996
4. Walter Dick Dan Lou Carey, The Systematic Design of
Instruction, Harper
Collins College
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