Sunday, August 23, 2015

MODULE 9 - TECHNING TECHNIQUE


1.1    Preparation of Teaching and Learning Facilities              

Effective teaching and learning is determined by educational facilities:

i.          The management of the institution is responsible for the general management of teaching space, repairs of equipment, maintenance and audio-visual aids. 
ii.        The Information Technology Centre is necessary as it is responsible for the preparation, installation and computer operation during training.
iii.       The management of class space for teaching includes that of the laboratory, gymnasium, halls etc. The policy and procedure for use need to be considered.
iv.       Planning of future learning facilities.
v.        Taking care of security aspect of building, equipment and learning.
vi.       Taking care of basic need for basic facilities such as electricity, water, toilets, rest room, prayer room, library, canteen and convenience store for students and staff of the training centre.


1.2     Preparation of Training Presentation

Before conducting instruction (training), a trainer needs to be prepared with the following:

i.          Be well versed in the topic or subject matter to be delivered.
Study each aspect to be delivered / presented by reading up reports and researching on the topic for the sole purpose of preparing a presentation script. In this way, new ideas and alternative ways of thinking can be generated.

ii.        Understanding audience or learners.
Research on individuals who make up the audience or trainees can be beneficial to prepare for the delivery or presentation. For example, if trainees are not from technical groups, avoid presenting technical illustrations and data.

iii.       Identifying objective
All presentations, whether easy or complex contain one purpose or objective. Understand and always remember this when preparing presentations. 



iv.       Preparing the script.
Short notes have to be prepared whether the presentation is formal or not. The notes should contain the following components.
a.    Introduction which explains the aim and scopes of the presentation.
b.    Body or contents of the presentation – The body contains the most information, however divide it into several topics to be covered.
c.    Summary – This part must be brief and should emphasis on the main or important ideas of the presentation.
d.    Conclusion – Circulate the handouts which focus on the main ideas so that course participants can remember. Answers during the question- answer session of the presentation can be repeated.

v.        Choose appropriate audio-visual aids.
For small groups of two/three people, handouts are sufficient. For groups of more than thirty, the use of transparency and OHP or slide is more appropriate.

vi.       Prepare story board
The purpose is to give a general picture of the presentation and to deliver important ideas to audience or trainees.

vii.      Produce audio- visual aids such as graphics, posters, etc.

viii.    Practice and practice.
Practice or rehearsal can be recorded and any weaknesses can be rectified and presentation improved.

ix.       On the presentation day.
Arrive early and ensure that all equipments are in working order. Entertain all questions, and use humor to reduce anxiety. 

x.        Follow-up actions  
Check trainee/audiences attendance to ensure that the goal of presentation has been achieved .Hand out questionnaires at the end of the presentation to get feedback, in order to improve future presentations Encourage participants to submit written questions which have not been answered during question-answer session.



1.3     Aspects of a Good Presentation

A trainer must have good presentation skill at a seminar or workshop. If the trainer is not skilled enough, presentation will be ineffective. The following are important aspects of a good presentation or delivery.

i.      Communication
Create rapport, as good relations with the person we are interacting with is very important. High technology presentation will be meaningless without this rapport.

ii.    Skill in the use of teaching aids:
o      OHP
o      LCD and power point.

iii.   Use of samples.
For further clarification of explanation and facilitate comprehension, the trainer has to use appropriate samples.

iv.   Speech Dynamics
Fluency in speaking will ensure a good and interesting presentation. The trainer needs to use correct voice and tone, proper breathing, projection, resonance, and avoid high tone. Choose words that will enable trainees to remember them.

v.    Skill in giving explanation.
Good mastery over a language will make an explanation clearer. Content or ideas to be delivered have to be arranged from simple to complex.

vi.   Organization of ideas to be delivered.
o      Arrange important ideas.
o      Inform late comers/ participants of the ideas.
o      Summarize the ideas.



1.4         Main Aspects of Evaluation and Effectiveness of Session.

Evaluation of presentation is divided into 4 components.

i.      Preparation:
a.    There must be a set of up-to-date course objectives, enabling objectives and critical learning points.
b.    Visual Aids – up to date, well designed, relevant and appropriate for the subject being taught.
c.    Training room is arranged conducively for the session that is going to be conducted. All equipment has been set up – checked in advance.
d.    Trainer well turned out – efficient, reflects enthusiasm and committed to the session to be conducted.

ii.    Structure
a.    Introduction – clear statement of objectives. The content and structure of the session are explained clearly.
b.    Effort to motivate trainees and explanation on why they need to learn the subject.
c.    The session is  presented in a logical order.
d.    The material taught is technically accurate, relevant and complete.
e.    Every opportunity is taken to use questionnaires or carry out discussion, to ensure that trainees have learnt and understood the session.
f.     The conclusion includes accurate feedback on the achievement of objectives and aural performance, clear summary and link up with next session.

iii.   Instructor Skills
a.    Posture, body language and expression give impression of enthusiasm and commitment to the session. Alert when moving and when seated.
b.    Establishes / maintains good rapport with participants, provides relaxed atmosphere, good eye contact and easy two-way communication.
c.    Makes good use of voice in terms of range, pitch and tone, and emphasizes use of gesture.
d.    Notes are used easily and naturally as a support material. Trainer should be familiar with content.
e.    Answer questions from trainees accurately, patiently and with interest.
f.     Deals with different kinds of trainees with patience, tolerance and in a matter-of-fact way, in detached and unemotional manner.
g.    Deals with different situations empathetically.
h.    Deals with different situations tactfully without any prejudice.
i.      Manages time discreetly to ensure that all learning points are covered.
j.      During discussion, has complete control over time, range of topics and trainees.
k.    During role-play, has total control over flow of activity.
l.      When giving feedback on interpersonal-skills, is completely objective, sensitive to trainees, problem areas and suggests constructive actions.

iv.   Use of Visual Aids
a.    Has no difficulty in operating OHP.
b.    Uses flip chart with clear writing.
c.    Operates video recorder effortlessly and easily.
d.    Uses camera and recorder knowledgeably to produce good quality videos.


1.5     Components in Display of Professionalism
The trainer must display professionalism when carrying out tasks. Among the components of professionalism that can be displayed are:

a.    Sincerity and integrity
Sincerity and integrity indicate fairness, speaking the truth, fulfilling promises, being fully committed, and being open when interacting with trainee.

b.    Responsibility
Prepared to accept and act responsibly when carrying out tasks.

c.    Respect for others
This feeling of respect is the crux of humanity and humanity is the essence of professionalism. 

d.    Empathy
Empathy is important as it enables the i to understand the condition and needs of the trainee.

e.    Self-improvement
Search for and attempt to improve skills in order to contribute and give better service.

f.     Self-awareness
Awareness of the availability of guidance and instruction when confronted by complex responsibilities.

g.    Communication / collaboration
Instructor needs to work in collaboration with other parties and be able communicate clearly, in order to deliver information to trainees. 

h.    Altruism
This quality of giving importance to another person’s welfare is the main element of professionalism. 



 REFERENCES
 1. Esah Sulaiman, Amalan Profesionalisme Perguruan, Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 2003.
2. Esah Sulaiman, Pengenalan Pedagogi, Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 2004.

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